1 Assets earmarked for retirement grew in 2023. Assets earmarked for retirement reached USD 63.1 trillion in the OECD at end-2023. The growth in assets partly resulted from a positive investment performance. Positive cashflows from contributions over expenditure also contributed to the growth of assets in 2023. 2 Assets were not back to their 2021 level at end-2023 in the OECD area. Assets for retirement remained 5% below their 2021 level at end-2023 in the OECD. Pension providers and public pension reserve funds achieved positive average investment rates of return over the last two years, except in some of the largest markets. The cashflow of contributions over expenditure supported asset growth in most jurisdictions except the United States and some European countries. 3 2023 marks a return to the long-term trend of growing assets earmarked for retirement.1 Assets more than tripled over the past two decades. Investment income has contributed to this long-term growth in assets. A positive cashflow of contributions over expenditure also underpinned the long-term growth of assets. 4 The long-term shift away from defined benefit plans continued.